Viewing The Achievement of The Covid-19 Vaccination in Indonesia From A Human Development And Urbanization Perspective
Abstract
The disparity in the achievement of Covid-19 vaccination among provinces in Indonesia is still quite high. This can be one reason why the number of Covid-19 patients is still fluctuating even today. Nevertheless, the Covid-19 vaccine is still very useful to reduce Covid-19 infection. This study aims to see whether Human Development Index (HDI) and urbanization rate are the reasons behind the achievement of Covid-19 vaccination in Indonesia. The research used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional research design. The data used are secondary data from BPS and the Ministry of Health. The data were analyzed using tabulations, graphs, and inferential analysis through the Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression. The results show that about three-quarters of provinces in Indonesia are still below the Covid-19 vaccination target to achieve herd immunity. The scatter plot graph shows provinces with relatively low vaccination rates, having relatively low HDI and urbanization levels. Vice versa. Meanwhile, the results of a multiple linear regression analysis found that HDI and the level of urbanization had a very strong and statistically significant effect on the achievement of Covid-19 vaccination in all provinces in Indonesia. These results conclude that the achievement of the Covid-19 vaccination in Indonesia is the background for the achievement of the Covid-19 vaccination in Indonesia. Therefore, provinces with low Covid-19 vaccination achievements can be encouraged to continue pursuing the herd immunity target by paying attention to the characteristics of provinces with high HDI and high urbanization.
Abstrak
Disparitas capaian vaksinasi Covid-19 antarprovinsi di Indonesia masih cukup tinggi. Hal ini bisa menjadi salah satu alasan mengapa jumlah pasien Covid-19 masih fluktuatif bahkan hingga saat ini. Meski demikian, vaksin Covid-19 tetap sangat bermanfaat untuk mengurangi infeksi Covid-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat apakah Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) dan tingkat urbanisasi melatarbelakangi capaian vaksinasi Covid-19 di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian secara cross section. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder dari BPS dan Kementrian Kesehatan. Data tersebut dianalisis menggunakan tabulasi, grafik, dan analisis inferensial melalui uji korelasi Pearson dan regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sekitar tiga perempat provinsi di Indonesia masih di bawah target vaksinasi Covid-19 untuk mencapai herd immunity. Grafik scatter plot menunjukkan provinsi dengan capaian vaksinasi yang relatif rendah, memiliki IPM dan tingkat urbanisasi yang juga relatif rendah. Begitu pula sebaliknya. Sedangkan hasil dari analisis regresi linear sederhana menemukan bahwa IPM dan tingkat urbanisasi mempunyai pengaruh cukup kuat dan signifikan secara statistik terhadap capaian vaksinasi Covid-19 di seluruh provinsi di Indonesia. Hasil ini memberikan kesimpulan bahwa capaian vaksinasi Covid-19 di Indonesia melatarbelakangi capaian vaksinasi Covid-19 di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu Provinsi yang capaian vaksinasi Covid-19 yang masih rendah, dapat didorong untuk terus mengejar target herd immunity dengan memperhatikan bagaimana karakteristik provinsi dengan IPM dan urbanisasi tinggi.
Downloads
References
Bertoncello, C., Ferro, A., Fonzo, M., Zanovello, S., Napoletano, G., Russo, F., Baldo, V., & Cocchio, S. (2020). Socioeconomic determinants in vaccine hesitancy and vaccine refusal in Italy. Vaccines, 8(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020276
Browne, M., Thomson, P., Rockloff, M. J., & Pennycook, G. (2015). Going against the herd: Psychological and cultural factors underlying the “vaccination confidence gap.” PLoS ONE, 10(9), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132562
Danabal, K. G. M., Magesh, S. S., Saravanan, S., & Gopichandran, V. (2021). Attitude towards COVID 19 vaccines and vaccine hesitancy in urban and rural communities in Tamil Nadu, India – a community based survey. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07037-4
de Figueiredo, A., & Larson, H. J. (2021). Exploratory study of the global intent to accept COVID-19 vaccinations. Communications Medicine, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43856-021-00027-x
de Figueiredo, A., Simas, C., Karafillakis, E., Paterson, P., & Larson, H. J. (2020). Mapping global trends in vaccine confidence and investigating barriers to vaccine uptake: a large-scale retrospective temporal modelling study. The Lancet, 396(10255), 898–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31558-0
Duque-Calvache, R., Torrado, J. M., & Mesa-Pedrazas, Á. (2021). Lockdown and adaptation: residential mobility in Spain during the COVID-19 crisis. European Societies, 23(S1), S759–S776. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1836386
Dwipayana, I. D. A. P. (2020). Health Notions , Volume 4 Number 10 ( October 2020 ) Efforts in Securing Vaccine for Covid-19 Outbreak in Indonesia 313 | Publisher : Humanistic Network for Science and Technology Health Notions , Volume 4 Number 10 ( October 2020 ) ISSN 2580-4936 314 | P. Health Nations, 4(10), 313–317.
El-Elimat, T., AbuAlSamen, M. M., Almomani, B. A., Al-Sawalha, N. A., & Alali, F. Q. (2021). Acceptance and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines: A cross-sectional study from Jordan. PLoS ONE, 16(4 April), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250555
Eriksson, K., & Vartanova, I. (2022). Vaccine confidence is higher in more religious countries. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 18(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1883389
Fauzia, A., & Hamdani, F. (2021). Pendekatan Socio-Cultural dalam Pelaksanaan Vaksinasi Covid-19 di Indonesia. Pendekatan Socio-Cultural Dalam Pelaksanaan Vaksinasi Covid-19 Di Indonesia, 10(1), 323–338. https://proceeding.unnes.ac.id/index.php/snh/article/view/709
Halford, E., Dixon, A., Farrell, G., Malleson, N., & Tilley, N. (2020). Crime and coronavirus: Social distancing, lockdown, and the mobility elasticity of crime. Crime Science, 9(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-020-00121-w
Harapan, H., Wagner, A. L., Yufika, A., Winardi, W., Anwar, S., Gan, A. K., Setiawan, A. M., Rajamoorthy, Y., Sofyan, H., & Mudatsir, M. (2020). Acceptance of a COVID-19 Vaccine in Southeast Asia: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia. Frontiers in Public Health, 8(July), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00381
Kadkhoda, K. (2021). Herd Immunity to COVID-19. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 155(4), 471–472. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa272
Kozak, A., & Nienhaus, A. (2021). COVID-19 vaccination: Status and willingness to be vaccinated among employees in health and welfare care in germany. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136688
Liu, R., & Li, G. M. (2021). Hesitancy in the time of coronavirus: Temporal, spatial, and sociodemographic variations in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. SSM - Population Health, 15, 100896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100896
MacDonald, N. E., Eskola, J., Liang, X., Chaudhuri, M., Dube, E., Gellin, B., Goldstein, S., Larson, H., Manzo, M. L., Reingold, A., Tshering, K., Zhou, Y., Duclos, P., Guirguis, S., Hickler, B., & Schuster, M. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine, 33(34), 4161–4164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036
Machida, M., Nakamura, I., Kojima, T., Saito, R., Nakaya, T., Hanibuchi, T., Takamiya, T., Odagiri, Y., Fukushima, N., Kikuchi, H., Amagasa, S., Watanabe, H., & Inoue, S. (2021). Acceptance of a covid-19 vaccine in japan during the covid-19 pandemic. Vaccines, 9(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030210
MacIntyre, C. R., Costantino, V., & Trent, M. (2022). Modelling of COVID-19 vaccination strategies and herd immunity, in scenarios of limited and full vaccine supply in NSW, Australia. Vaccine, 40(17), 2506–2513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.042
Mathieu, E., Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E., Roser, M., Hasell, J., Appel, C., Giattino, C., & Rodés-Guirao, L. (2021). A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(7), 947–953. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01122-8
Mesch, G. S., & Schwirian, K. P. (2015). Social and political determinants of vaccine hesitancy: Lessons learned from the H1N1 pandemic of 2009-2010. American Journal of Infection Control, 43(11), 1161–1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2015.06.031
Murthy, B. P., Sterrett, N., Weller, D., Zell, E., Reynolds, L., Toblin, R. L., Murthy, N., Kriss, J., Rose, C., Cadwell, B., Wang, A., Ritchey, M. D., Gibbs-Scharf, L., Qualters, J. R., Shaw, L., Brookmeyer, K. A., Clayton, H., Eke, P., Adams, L., … Harris, L. T. Q. (2021). Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Between Urban and Rural Counties — United States, December 14, 2020–April 10, 2021. MMWR Recommendations and Reports, 70(20), 759–764. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7020e3
Omidvar, S., & Firouzbakht, M. (2022). Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine and determinant factors in the Iranian population: a web-based study. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07948-w
Park, M., Lim, J. T., Wang, L., Cook, A. R., & Dickens, B. L. (2021). Urban-Rural Disparities for COVID-19: Evidence from 10 Countries and Areas in the Western Pacific. Health Data Science, 2021, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.34133/2021/9790275
Roy, D. N., Huda, M. N., & Azam, M. S. (2022). Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among rural community in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional survey based study. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 18(5), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2022.2064685
Saad-Roy, C. M., Wagner, C. E., Baker, R. E., Morris, S. E., Farrar, J., Graham, A. L., Levin, S. A., Mina, M. J., Mercalf, J. E., & Grenfell, B. T. (2020). Immune Life History, Vaccination, and the Dinamycs of SARS-CoV-2 over the Next 5 Years. Science, 4(1), 1–14. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/en/mdl-20203177951%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0887-9%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z%0Ahttps://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1758193%0Ahttp://sersc.org/journals/index.php/IJAST/article
UNDP. (1990). Human Development Report 1990. https://doi.org/10.21003/EA.V184-03
Utami, A. (2022). Determinant Factors of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Adult and Elderly Population in Central Java , Indonesia. June, 1559–1570.
Uyanık, G. K., & Güler, N. (2013). A Study on Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 106, 234–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.027
Yang, P., & Wang, X. (2020). COVID-19: a new challenge for human beings. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 17(5), 555–557. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0407-x
Copyright (c) 2022 Abdurrahman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- The journal allow the authors to hold the copyright without restrictions and allow the authors to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
This work is licensed under a 